Methods Of Montage In Battleship Potemkin Film Studies Essay

Methods Of montage In action charge Potemkin contract Studies EssayI am a huge movie buff. I anticipate big blockbuster hits and save up the m unrivaledy for the admission at the movie theater. Film strips atomic number 18 made up of still frames that when projected at an modal(a) of twenty-four frames a second tump oers the illusion of movement and continuity. Many films drop different elements in their frames whether it is between fissures or within them. This is an example of Montage. In this paper I depart attempt to discuss montage, the film Battle enchant Potemkin, analyze Eisensteins methods of montage he employ for the film, and come up with an liking as to how to transform this historical piece on to theater stage.Montage is the joining to touch onher of different elements of film in a smorgasbord of counselings, between shots, within them, between sequences, within these. During the 1920s Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, who is considered the father of montage, created five methods to montage. These methods ar metric, rhythmic, fresh, all overtonal, and skilful montage. With these methods Eisenstein was able to change the way a scene was brought to life in film.Metric montage is when pieces be joined together according to their lengths, in a practice-scheme corresponding to a measure of music. Realization is in repetition of these measures. Tension is obtained by the entrap of mechanical acceleration by shortening the pieces while preserving the original proportions of the formula (Eisenstein Leyda pg73). When cutting to the next shot, no matter what was happening to the next image, it was used to bring by the most basal and delirious reactions from the audience.With rhythmic montage the length of the pieces, the content with in the frame is a factor possessing pertain rights to consideration. Abstract determination of the piece-lengths gives off to a flexible relationship of the true lengths (Eisenstein Leyda pg7 4). With this type of montage, it is based on timing of the visual composition of the shots to flummox a more complex meaning than with metric montage.In tonal montage the movement is perceived in a wider sense. The concept embraces each effects of the montage piece. Here montage is based on the characteristics of emotional sound of the piece-of its dominant (Eisenstein Leyda pg75). Just like metric montage the shot is used to make a reaction to the audience. Only difference is that tonal montage uses shots that bring on emotion.Overtonal montage is an accumulation of the previous three montages. And give the audience an even more abstract and complicated reaction. Overtonal montage stairs up the impression from a melodically emotional coloring to a directly psychological perception (Eisenstein Leyda pg78).The last is intellectual montage. This method of montage is sounds and overtones of an intellectual sort i.e., conflict-juxtaposition of accompanying intellectual affects (Ei senstein Leyda pg82). With these shots combined you get an intellectual image.It starts out in act I, named Men and Maggots, it is June of 1905, and the armored battle ship Potemkin is near Odessa on the Black Sea returning by and by Russias thrashing in the Russo-Japanese war. on that point are many straw hats that are sleeping in their cumulations. A petty policeman walks in checking on therm. One of the sailors that are sleeping with a shoulder and arm hanging away(p) his hammock is in the way of the off-keyicer who is trying to get with. When the officer cannot get through he reacts by whipping the young man. close to of the another(prenominal) sailors wake up this act. In the morning, the ships cook has displayed large pieces of marrow squash outside the ships kitchen. The sailors saw this kernel hanging and began talking and pointing to the meat and calling others to look. An officer on a railing higher up notices the sailors around the meat and the sailors start t o complain to him that the meat is rotten. The officer calls the ships doctor, who goes experience to check out the meat. The ships doctor after looking carefully at the meat says that the meat is not rotten it has no worms, only maggots that can be process out with brine. The cooks prepare to serve a meal on tabulate tops that hang from ropes in the ceiling. Large steel bowls are placed on the tables and soup is the only food that is being served. Some sailors do not eat the soup. Later it is maken a sailor is in the kitchen washing dishes after the meal. One dish had an inscription that read travel by Us This Day Our Daily Bread. The sailor washing the dish relieve oneself it for a moment, read it again, and then smashes it. The sailors who were on wash duty walks off from their work stations. In the next scene of we see a hooking of sailors at the ships commissary buying many cans of food. One of the higher ranking officers notices this and continues paseo by. One point t alking on one of the decks below, sailor Vakulinshuk says the manipulation on the boat was worse than being a POW in a Japanese camp. Other sailor talked about the overall treatment.In Act II named Drama at the Harbour, it is all hands on deck as Captain Golikov comes up from a trap gateway to discipline the men that did not eat the soup. He says that there will be no disobedience or strike or that he will hang invariablyyone in the ship if it is. Then the captain asks who ever at the soup with the rotten meat to step under the cannons to show their loyalty. All and a group of fifteen shows their loyalty. The captain decides that he wants to kill the fifteen for not eating the soup. The group tries to escape exclusively the other officers step in their way. The captain throws a tarpaulin over them, making it easier for the other sailors to shoot the fifteen sailors. When the Captain gives the order to shoot, seafarer Vakulinchuk stops the firing squad from executing the other sailors. Vakulinchuck gives a pitch encouraging the shipmates to stand up and rebel against those who oppress them which would be the officers of the ship. age this is going on the captain is repeating the firing order but it is not carried out. Vakulinchuk and the other shipmates get together and turn on the officers. There is a chase after the officers and when caught they are thrown overboard, the doctor as well. The ships priest appears and plays possum when he gets pushed down the stairs pretending to be dead. Before being thrown overboard, one of the officers is able to grab a gun and shoots Vakulinchuk. Vakulinchuk falls from a high point of a ship on to a tackle and then tumbles into the water. The shipmates shout that Vakulinchuk has gone overboard and a couple of sailors jump in to save but it is besides late as his be is brought back on the ship. Vakulinchuks death bonds the shipmates together.In Act III, A Dead Man Calls for Justice, The Potemkin is under the control of the sailor s and they dock at the port of Odessa. Vakulinchuks body is taken to the down and laid under a tent that is set up on the pier. Vakulinchuk is holding a candle with a sign on his breast reading KILLED FOR A BOWL OF SOUP. There is talk amongst the mint in the local area in small groups about Vakulinchuk. An obnoxious appendage of the bourgeoisie heckles a woman protester. During another heated discussion someone in the crowd says kill the Jews But the majority of the citizens of Odessa get devil up and decided to destroy the oppressors and help the sailors who rebelled on the Potemkin. Large add up of the citizens bring food to the battleship to support the crew.In Act IV, The Odessa Staircase, after they given the sailors quality food, many of the townspeople have gathered along the long and wide flight of stairs overlooking the harbor atomic number 82 down towards the piers. In good moral, shouting encouragements towards the ship. All ages of men, women, and c hildren of all ages have come to see what is going on. Then out of nowhere, troops in white tunics show up at the top of the stairs belatedly marching down the stairs. People start to scramble as the soldiers began their infract on the innocent men, women, the elderly, and children. Countless people scramble down the steps to get to the side. Some elderly people hide behind walls as the soldiers continue to slaughter the people fleeing. A woman who carried her dead intelligences body in her arms walks up to the soldier s telling them that her son is very ill expecting to let her pass. A second later people look in fear as she is gunned downed. People step over others who have fallen, dead or alive. We even see the soldiers stepping on a small child. One woman had a bullet shot through one lens in her glasses. Another victim included in this massacre was a mother who was pushing a baby in a carriage. As she falls dead, she hits the carriage on the way down to the ground. The carri age starts to make its way down the steps as looker-on watch the carriage travel untouched. Then soldiers on horseback fuck off at the bottom of the steps to finish the innocent off.In the utmost act, ACT VThe Rendezvous with a Squadron, The sailors who have taken over the Potemkin mend their battle stations and turn their guns on the buildings that might have held Tsarist soldiers but by then the massacre on the stairs is over leaving only the soldiers standing. The sailors of Potemkin then sail out to sea to avoid an attack from the shore when suddenly a squadron of warships has a physical body headed straight toward the Potemkin to take it back. The crew of the Potemkin expected this and some mend observation tower duty. Other sailors of the Potemkin try to sleep. They are soon woken up and mend battle stations as multiple ships are sighted far away on the horizon. As the ships get close, the Potemkin send a sort of international Morse code code to the other ships crews to t reat them as brothers. Potemkins cannons, despite being outnumbered, are aimed at the other ships as in an attempt at one last hurrah. But when the ships get into range, the ships allowed the Potemkin to pass through. The crew of the Potemkin celebrates and they come on deck waving at the others ships, as they do the same, when the ships cross in opposite direction.As I was watching Battleship Potemkin, I judgement about how I could transfer this film on to the stage and the maiden thing that came to mind was how you (as in you Joseph) and Lucius set up Vertigo. From a practiced stand point, I would use only a limited number of technology if space was limited to me. If I was to put this play in swain, I would use the projectors to display and identify what scene the actors were in on the back curtain.

What is Corporate Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective Accounting

What is bodied Social Disclosure (CSR) Disclosure in Perspective be systemSocial righteousnesss family is not a sore concept in gild but progressively expand on with separate concepts. Social responsibilitys companionship which is referred as unified Social Responsibility theoretic in ally still generated the contradiction. bodied Social Responsibility started to become the lifesize issue and studied by a hatful of theatrical roley since primeval year 1960 in United States and in the early 1970 in atomic number 63.In this time, corporal Social Responsibility is become the serious issue in patronage adult male and cab art and its discussion coverage even withal immeasurable progressively on with progressively its excitement growth and business world. Progressively is wide coverage of discussion of this Corporate Social Responsibility, exposition which is made by expert to a greater extent immeasurable.Beside that, terms which emerge along with growth of Corpor ate Social Responsibility even besides adjoin and varying. Definition astir(predicate)(predicate) incarnate hearty responsibility still is ambitious found in literature accounting. The description impoverishment a lot of consideration and consensus nearly any kind of competent included into fellowship responsibility. However, if we discuss about a go with choice in apocalypse br separately responsibility account, we leave agree that a caller-out learn charge that must be expressed hitd to accountability, not intro harmonise To World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publicizing entitling Making Good Business Sense (2002) citing earthment of Lord Holme and Richard Watts (2000) specify genial responsibility policy-making party isCorporate Social Responsibility is the go on commitment by business to be consider respectablely and supply to scotch development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as wel l as of the local biotic community and monastic order at large. (www.mallenbaker.net)For a while tally to Elkington (1997) in Utomo (2000), association responsibility help the progression focussed three troupe efficacy consisted of the mixer efficacy, surroundingsal, and fiscal. This concept is cognise as trine Bottom Line Success of a Company. For to a greater extent clear depicted is in following schemaThe Existing Of Triple Bottom pull Success of a Company triggered by Corporate Financial Responsibility (CFR). After that confederation enterprise to minimize negatively charged affect from environmental problem (CER), and strive the family for be withstand to unified with affectionate environmental restation (CSR). in that location ar interconnected split up and overall of the responsibility feelinged as contribution of company and business world in worldwide in realizing sustainable development (Suwardjono, 2005).Another description mentionCorporate Social R esponsibility is the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and association at large to improve their quality of life. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2002)Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility varied between definitions in one state with other state because what conceived of mixer responsibility form on the substructure of awareness or initiative in one state honorable earn meet obligation in other state. For exemplification, association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Ghana mentionsCSR is about capacity edifice for sustainable livelihoods. It respects cultural differences and finds the business opportunities in building the skills of employees, the community and the governing (mallenbaker.net). speckle association of Corporate Social Responsibility in Filipina have a notion that CSR is about business giving pricker to society(mallenbaker.net). Organization Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe is CSR Europe (www.csreurope.com) have a notion that company have two responsibility type that is first commercial responsibility which run the business success deary and secondly is well-disposed responsibility that is company role in society, where in form of unhomogeneous natural action done by company besides activity of skill increase profit. This activity for example environmental tenacity, give jazzment to employees prosperity, running business consistent to b lay on the line ethics, and active inscribe in society environment in place where the company operate. griffon vulture in Essential Business mention the cordial responsibility company with the term of Social Responsibility defineThe attempt of business to brace it commitments to multitude and individuals in its environment, including customers, other business, employees and investors.According to him, social responsibility represent effort to balanc e various commitment for responsible to all investor that is maximise the profit company. Beside that, company in asset take charge to its consumer which is foodstuff the good enough quality overlap a commitment that viable trigger increase production cost and make the company have to settle for the reduce profit. This consequence then result a lot of irresponsible company to its consumer because enthusiastic to gratify the investor.From various definitions above, writer dirty dog conclude that social responsibility company is company continuation effort to balance the tantrum of social-economy company in order to fulfilling obligation demand to all stakeholders plum and proportional.CSR nonplusAs long as bibliography research, there is three view or model depicting about company involvement in social activity. Third model that shall be as follows (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002)Classic ModelThis Opinion, expanding at 19th century, starting from perfect emulation concept , where economic culprit apart and differ from the other behavioral type and form. Company concluded to maximize profit. Criterion of company Efficacy measured by useable might and growth. According this characterization, effort that company done just to fulfill the market request and commercialize represent to capital owner. A Fundamentalist in this area, Milton Friedman, expressingThere is one and only one company responsibility, that is use owned properties to increase profit as long as according to hold of the game going into effect in a free deliberation system without deception and insincerity (Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom, 1962).Sharpness, company according to this opinion neednt think of social effect which generated its company and neednt think of effort to overcompensate social complaintManagement ModelThis opinion arise about 1930, after emerging new challenge of company having the nature of differing from preceding situation which colored by brain of classic model. According to this opinion, company considered to be instituting of permanent which life and have separate bulls eye. Manager as one who trusted by owner of capital run a business for the sake of not only owner of capital, but withal they are pose in involutioned with company life, bid employees, customer, supplier, and existing other party that bearing with company which do not exclusively found to the existence of contract (Franc X Suttin et. al, 1956 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby theatre director as team which responsible to the continuity of company life performed to elect policy which must consider social responsibility company echo its relation with other party which in any racing shell have component part in attainment of company stigma which do not only mentation of return owner of capital.Social Environmental ModelThis Model emphasise that company believe that power of owned politics and economics have relation with importance sou rce of social environment and not that from market as according to classic model or theory. Its wake company has to share active in finishing social disease which reside in its environment, like education system which is not certifiable, unlabor, pollution, dreary housing, not regular transportation, security, and others. If classic model have a design e exceptional to secure and prosperous owner of secure and prosperous charge model and capital of prudence, in this model company have to scat head which must reach of that is which matching prosperity of social in general (Ahmed Belkoui 1980 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993). Thereby, in chose project to found, beside pay attention percentage of profit, also have to pay attention advantage and disadvantage which perchance will be suffered by society. Pursuant to perception cursorily, either due ascertain(p) of society demand through governmental hand and also shift of human being attitude in company in this time. These matt ers go into effect, either in capitalist state, socialist, more than in our state.Pro and Contra about CSRProblem do company requires to take charge of social or not, still become erudite debate. Each telling opinion and his digest and claim that his idea is correct. future(a) the reason of supporter so that company has social responsibility and ethics that is (Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 2002)Involvement of social represents suffice to society expectation and desire to role of company. On a long term, this matter very beneficial company.Involvement of social possibly will cultivate rep transmit of environment, society, what possibly will demean production cost.Improving company good name will generate customer sympathy, employees sympathy, investor, and others.Avoiding governmental hurly burly in protecting society. So that if company has social responsibility executable mint avoid demarcation of activity of company.Show positive respond company to value and norm going into eff ect in society, so that get society sympathy.As according to desire stockholder, in this cheek public.Lessening tension dislike of society to company which whatevertime miserly activity of society not potential to avoid.Assisting importance of national, like pictorial conservation, conservancy of artistic and culture goods, increase of people education, labor, and others.At others, reason of contender which frowns on social responsibility concept of company shall be as followsCalling away the attention company from target of the core important in searching profit. This will generate extravagance.Conducive involvement of company to politics game or power redundantly which in fact none its field.Generate the business environment which is homogeneous, not pluralistic.Social involvement need the big enough energy and fund which cannot be accomplish by finite company fund, which can generate the bankruptcy or degrade the direct of company growth.Involvement of complex such social activity need the energy and all expert which not til now already owned by company (Ahmed Belkoui, SEA 1984 in Harahap, Sofyan Syafri, 1993).Social AccountingDefinition of Accounting which is a good deal met in literature is definition undetermined by American Institute of Certified Public Accountant (AICPA), that is as followsAccounting is the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of fiscal character, and interlingual rendition the result thereof.Other definition according to American Accounting tie (AAA) which shall no longer touch the word art but sooner affirm at word of process (in Suwardjono, 2005)Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communication study to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the schooling.Definition which is much the analogous that according to AICPA 1970 that is (in Suwardjono, 2005)Accounting is a servi ce activity. Its function is to provide numeric schooling, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intented to be useful in make economic decision.Paul Grady support the accountancy definition as science, representing definition completion from AICPAAccounting is the body of knowledge and functions concerned with systematic ariginating, authenticating, recording, classifying, processing, summarizing, analyzing, version, and supplying of dependable and significant information covering transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, postulate for the management and motion of an entity and for pennings that have to be submitted thereon to meet fiduciary and other responsibilities.While for the congeniality of social accountancy, Ramanathan (1976) in Suwardjono (2005) defining as followsSocial accounting is the process of selecting firm-level social murder variables, measures, and measurement procedures systematically develop ing information usefull for evaluating the firms social performance and communicating such information to concerned social groups, both within and external the firm.For a while according to freedman (1989) Social accounting has been outlined as the ordering, measuring and analysis of the social and economic consequences of governmental and entrepreneurial behavior.From the congeniality above, if paid attention to that in general social accountancy congeniality in fact relate to accountancy congeniality. The different between conventional accountancy congeniality with the social accountancy is word of social itself. Social accountancy represents the conventional accountancy which deals with social transaction of company. While its accounting process basically is reach that is include the process of identifying, record- bounding, measurement, and revealing. This matter is perceivable because social accountancy itself represents part of or the broader new scope conventional financi al accounting family Classifications Include in Social AccountingSocial Accountancy can be told aim to measure and lay disperse entire spending and social gather required by activity produce a company to yield the relevant information for interested parties for company. In line with the target, hence it is important to know scope from social accountancy to begin with so that later can be identified the social benefit and type.Social accountancy scope represents the area becoming company attention referring to social impact revealing of corporate activity. This scope social accountancy is divisible whatever category which different each other according to all expert. The difference because there is not standard format yet concerning category which must be mentioned by company in social responsibility give notice (of)ing, considering that application of social accountancy does not have its command standard. Moreover, the category coalescence between companies which is one wit h other might possibly differ depend on its requirement of each company and stakeholders. Following are opinions from most expert concerning the classifications category which is come within the social accountancys scope1) The National Association of Accountants Committee on Accounting for Corporate Social Performance, classification the primarily scope which require to be paid attention by company concerning his following social performance (Tuanakotta, Theodorus M, 1986 in Utomo, 2000)a) Society Involvement ( community involvement), covering activity most off all once will give the benefit to the society widely, for example development and house expenditure, philanthropy activity, planning and village repairing, and many more.b) human beings resources are activities that give benefits to the employees, for example the practice program and uplifting of skill, repairing the working circumstance and atmosphere, policy concerning with the promotion and respective eitherthing with the compensation to the employees.c) Physical Sources and environment contribution, that is hit the air quality and irrigate and also the voice pollutions controlling, and industrial garbage dismissal function (continuation of environment)d) The Products Contribution / service, that is pay attention to the captivate of product or service to the society by reckoning some consideration like product quality, product packer, product advertisement, rule of product warranty, and product security2) Linowes in model of its social accountancy reporting classify three form categorize that is (in Freedman, 1989)a) deal out with society.b) Deal with environment.c) Deal with consumer3) Parker (1989 178 180) in Utomo (2000) mentioning the category which different each other for the type of reporting with the approach which different each other, that isa) For the reporting model by neckcloth Approach, consist of quaternion categories (1) labor, (2) community, (3) product, (4) environment.b) For the reporting model by Outlay-Cost Approach, consist of quad categories (1) personnel, (2) customer, (3) environment, (4) community.c) For the reporting model by the Cost Benefit Approach, consist of four categories (1) employees, (2) consumer, (3) community, (4) environment.DisclosureConceptually, apocalypse represents the integral part from financial reporting. Technically, disclosure represents the final exam step in accountancy course that is information presentation in the form of a set full of the financial command. Evans 2003, in Suwardjono, 2005) interpreting the disclosure as followDisclosure marrow supplying information in the financial description, including the statements themselves, the notes to the statement, and the supplementary disclosures associated with the statement. It does not extend to public or private statements made by management or information provided outside the financial statement.More specific, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd (2001), in Suwardjono, (2 005) interpret the disclosures congeniality as follows by and large interpreted, disclosure is concerned with information in both the financial statement and supplementary communication including footless, post-statement events, managements discussion and analysis of acts for the forthcoming year, financial and operating forecasts, and additional financial statements covering segmental disclosure and extensions beyond historical cost.Evans limits the disclosures congeniality only at the things which is concerning with the financial reporting. The management statement in other dissimilar mass media or newspaper and also information outside the financial reporting scope do not include in disclosure congeniality. Meanwhile, Wolk, Tearney, and Dodd also include the segmental financial statement and statement which reflected the prices change as part of disclosure.Expression also often meant as ready information more than what communicable in the form of formal financial statement. This matter seems in line with idea FASB in its conceptual framework as following (SFAC No. 1, PRG. 5, in Suwardjono, 2005)Although financial reporting and financial statements have essentially the same objectives, some useful information is better provided by financial statement and some is better provided, or can only be provided, by means of financial reporting other than financial statements.Disclosures TargetIn general, disclosures target presents the information which is considered necessary to reach financial reporting target and to practice various party having importance different each other. While the special target is as follows (in Suwardjono, 2005)1) The Protection targetThe vindication target based on the idea that do not all user innovative enough so that users which naf require to be protect by laying open information which they not possible let or not possible to process information to catch the economic substations which base on a post of financial statement. In other word, disclosure intended to protect the management treatment which unjust possible and opened (unfair).2) Informative TargetInformative target based on the idea that user which is gone to clear with the certain sophisticated level. Thereby, disclosure instructed to provide the information which can assist user in do effective decision.3) Special Requirement TargetThis Target represents the merger from the safeguard of public target and informative target. What have to be laid open to public limited by what considered necessary for user which is gone to, whereas for the purpose of observation, certain information have to be submitted to supervisor body pursuant to regulation through forms that claiming disclosure in particular.Other disclosure target that is according to Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). According to SEC of disclosure target categorized to become two that is 1) protective disclosure, that intended as protection effort to investor, and 2) informative dis closure, which aim to give the competent information to report consumer (Wolk, Francis, and Tearney in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003)There is different idea in the case of how far the wide of disclosure of financial statement ought to be conducted and information requirement of consumer differ. There are three concept of concerning broadness of financial statement disclosure, (Eldon S Hendriksen, 1997 in Suwardjono 2005) that is Adequate, Fair, and Full Disclosure. The concept what most often practiced is Adequate Disclosure, which is stripped disclosure which must be fulfilled to make financial statement as a whole do not mislead for the sake of decision making. Fair disclosure containing ethical target by providing competent information to potential reader. While full disclosure representing disclosure for all relevant information.Full disclosure owning impression of information presentation abundance, so that some parties exactly have a notion bad. Abundantly information will be productive contra because detail disclosure which not is important so exactly will death the significant information to cause the financial statement difficult to be interpreted. But competent disclosure about the significant information to all investor and other party shall be adequate, complete and fair. There is no a marked difference among this concepts if altogether utilized in competent sceneMeanwhile there are two type of disclosure in its relation with the conditions specified by standard, first is mandatory disclosure, which is minimum disclosure, required by accountancy standard going into effect. And the second is voluntary disclosure that is disclosure of items done voluntarily by company without obliged by regulation, though all public company obliged to fulfill minimum disclosure, they differ by substantial in number information addition expressed to capital market.Motivation and Reason of Doing Social DisclosureAccording to Suwardjono (2005), some motivation which possible push the environmental and social performance information disclosure for exampleTo maintain the legitimacy of company operation (Legitimacy Theory). According to Legitimacy Theory, company conduct the certain activity, included in matter of information disclosure, because in order to obtain the legitimacy from society where the company operate and also as a strategy to keep the good relation between the company with the outside party (especially stakeholders)To manage or limit the certain group stakeholders who is looked having the strong influence.In stakeholders theory, company considers the existence of expectation, which different each other of group stakeholders that affect on operation and policy of information disclosure.3) To increase properties of all stockholder and coach-and-four. lordly Accounting Theory has the assumption that everyone does the activity because pushed by its private interest accomplishment. If everybody has activity to fulfill its priv ate interest, hence it can be that manager set mind to disclosure the environmental and social information because they expect to get the make-up of properties from the disclosure activity. Make-up of this manager property possible got from profit improvement or assesses the company.4) Manager confidence that company have the accountabilities or duty to provide the certain information.Disclosure of social and environmental responsibility performance information can be pushed because manager believes that various group stakeholders entitled to know the operate implication for the company to environmental and social quality.5) To hinder or preceding the effort recognition/making of disclosure regulation that more weighing.Manager do the environmental and social performance information disclosure in order to hindering government depress the pertinent industry, very possibly will disturb because similarly much reporting requirement.While the motivation and the reason why company conduc t the social disclosure, which got from opinion ambit of all experts, for example1) To seduce the good impression about social value of company.Companies use social information to present themselves with a prosperous image and to show that they evidence the same social norms and values as those of their society. (Parsons, 1956 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000)2) To support the continuity of company business.For companies to continue to survive and grow, they need to perform well and take various socially desirable actions, including distribution of economic, social or political benefits to the groups from whom they derive their power. (Shocker and Sethi, 1973 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000)3) To increase company legitimacy before stakeholders.The disclosure of social information is used as a means of legitimising corporate actions as well as projecting their values and ideas. (Dieckers and Voght, 2000 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000)Companies chance upon social information to legitimise their own ex istence. (Brown and Deegan, 1998 in Parsa and Kouhy, 2000)4) As an effort for the minimization of Business Risk.Pursuant to the result of research into the Trotman and Bradley (1981, in Utomo 2000), by conducting social disclosure hence company will own the exalted systematic fortune (for a while controlling easier for systematic risk than non-systematic risk).Social Disclosure in one-year narrationDisclosure defined as providing a number of information required for the optimally operation in an efficient capital market (Hendriksen, 1996, in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). There is a mandatory disclosure that is information disclosure which is obliged to be done by company rely on a certain standard or regulation, and there is having the character of voluntary, representing information disclosure overhaul the minimum conditions from regulation going into effect. Each unit/economic perpetrator trying for importance of stockholder and its concentration at profit attainment also take charge of social responsibility, and that matter require to be expressed in annual report, as expressed by FASB (in Suadilman, 2000 in Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003) and AICPAFinancial Reporting include not only financial statement, but also other means of communicating information that relates, direct or indirect, to the information provided by the accounting system. New releases, managements forecasts or other descriptions of it plans or expectations, and descriptions of its plans or expectations and descriptions of an enterprises social or environmental impact are examples or reports giving financial informations other than financial statements. (FASB, 1978 in Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003)An Objective of financial statements is to report on these activities of the enterprise affecting society which can be determined and described or measured and which are important to the role of enterprises in its social environment.(Trueblood Commite Report, AICPA, 197 3, in Suwaldiman, 2006)Annual ReportDefinition of annual report is as follows At the top every analysts list (of financial reports used by analysts) is the annual report to share holders. It is the major reporting document and every other financial report is in some respect subsidiary or supplementary to it.Annual report is obliged to be submitted by company enlisting in Stock Exchange as activity reporting during one front year to interested parties (stakeholders). Overall of content from annual report is not arranged by profession authority in charge like Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia (IAI), but arranged by Regulator of Stock Exchange that is Bapepam.The objective of annual report isUseful to users of annual report in making investment, credit, and other decisions.Providing comprehensive report about the company prospect in future of operation activity, finance, and other relevant information.Providing information about the claims of company resources and also its change.industrial Type High-ProfileCompany which is included in industrial type High-Profile according to Robert( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) is company having high level sensitivities to environment, high politics risk or tight competition. While Diekers Preston ( in Hacston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) depicting industry which that High-Profile as follows companies whose economic activities modify the environment, such as extractive industries, are more likely to disclose information about their environmental impact than are companies in order industries.Cowen Et.Al. ( in Hackston Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) enhancing as follows Consumer-oriented companies can be expected to exhibit greater concern with demonstrating their social responsibility to the community, since this is likely to enhance corporate image and influence sales.High-Profile Companies generally representing company that obtaining focus from society because its operation activity owns the empowerment for correl ated with the wide importance. Generally, society more sensitive to high-profile company because they neglect in security of production process and their result can bring the deathly effect for society. High-Profile Company is more sensitive to desire of consumer or other party which have importance to its product (Zuhroh, Diana and I Putu Pande, 2003). We can separate that high-profile Company has possibility to cause the damage of other social impact or environment. The example is mining company, management of forest resource, chemic industrial and industrial agro, representing industry claiming wise social impact management remember its operation have impact with society life. Real example, in life is the case of gas leakage at Lapindo Company has fatal impact to society. As for company which classified in industrial group of high-profile according to Robert ( in Hackston and Milne, 1996 in Utomo, 2000) for example other oiling company and mining, chemical, forest, paper, aut omotive, air transport, agribusiness, tobacco and smoke, food and beverage product, media and communications, energy (electrics), engineering, health, and also transportation and tourism.Industrial Type Low-ProfileLow-Profile Company represent the company which dont obtaining wide focus from society if their operation fail or mistake at certain perspective in process and result. When compared to high-profile company, company categorized in industry low-profile more tolerance by society if they doing mistake (Zuhroh, Diana And I Putu Pande, 2003). We can say that low-profile industry represent the industry type owning level of social risk which lowers than high-profile

Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Convention

Symmetric Key Utilized for EasySMS Conventionconceptual SMS ( briefly Message Service) is a gener everyy utilized proportionateness amongst the determination clients. SMS is being utilized as a part of our diverseapplications. The Short Message Service (SMS) normally whatever we barter the archetypal configuration, now and then we used to ventilate the rough secret subject analogous our email secret word, pass code and bank watchword. We ship SMS is in unique organization, our customary SMS does not secure thistrusted info, so the proposed chemical formula called EasySMS it will accept exceptionally secure and ensure the trusted selective randomness between the endclients.Pivotal words part Authentication, Security, Secrete Key, peregrine Ph one and only(a)I. Pre displaceationThese days, the Short Message has turn into a standout amongst the more or less quickfurther more than, solid correspondence on the planet to transmit the essence from dickens persons. The Shor t Message Service calledSMS is a correspondence face that sends the messagethrough a versatile cubicle dodge.At the bear down when the delicate info in our messages (SMS), it isextremely hard to shield the data from themeddlers furthermore exceptionally hard to recognize the rootfrom the specific sender. The cellular scream correspondenceis great experience and an incredible acknowledgement from among allhuman culture.The GSM is aviation route activity correspondence between the dickensportable stations called Mobile place (MS) and the BaseHandset Station (BTS) is an encryption between devil feeble too, stream figure (A5/1 or A5/2). The validation is an onesided furthermore unprotected.In spite of the expanding pull out of cell phones with theapproach of Advanced mobile phones, a critical category of portablegadgets in creating districts are still basic minimal move gadgetswith constrained handling and correspondence capacities.A. Research ProblemInfrequently, we used to send trusted data to our crewindividuals like secret severalise, credit moment additionally bank pass booknumber. This private data from one cellular telephoneto another through placement. While sending the dataover the system meddler toilet read the datasince that will be in the first configuration. SMS use isundermined with trade protection concerns, for example, SMS exposure,man-in-center assault and replay assault. SMS messages aretransmitted as plaintext between portable client and the SMS localize utilizing remote system.B. Key divisionThe above chemical formula called EasySMS is proposed toanticipate and secure the end-to-end correspondencebetween the clients, the company EasySMS is going tokeep the various assault are Man-in-center assault,action replay assault, SMS exposure and it is additionally messagetrade amid the confirmation process, less computing overhead and decreases the data transfer capacity.II. RELATED WORKAs indicated by the divergent creators have proposed distinctive sortsof procedures and security to secure data amidtransmiision of the message. A usage of an open account cryptosystem for SMS in a cell telephone system hasbeen exhibited, yet the security for traffic pattern is not talked about.Shared trade scrambled utilizing open keycryptography by A organize secure extensible andeffective SMS(SEEMS). Another convention called SSMS isused to give the application layer structure to thewanted security traits in SMS. Amid the transmittingof message to give the security to the message by utilizingcarrier for m-installment. Because of carnal constraints of thecellular telephones it is exceptionally neccesary to offer the convention whichwould make least purpose of assets and would improvesecurity.The proposed convention called SMSSec is utilized to secure SMScorrespondence between a customer furthermore used to theencryption between end clients. The convention SMS basedstructure gives a low-transmission capacity, solid, eff ectiveanswer for restorative information acquistion. The mutual session keyera is profoundly economic consumption correspondence and it is tooinadmissible for genuine eord application.Accordingly in this proposed convention EasySMS contrasted and twoconvention called SMSSec and PK-SIM conventions._______________________________________________________________________________________III. EXISITNG SYSTEMIn Existing System, the SMS based structure gave alow-transmission capacity, solid, effective and savvy arrangementfor medicinal information procurement. The created shared key forevery session produced an enormous overhead. This structureneglected to forestall SMS against different assaults.SMS messages are transmitted as plaintext between versatileclient (MS) and the SMS heighten (SMSC), utilizing remotesystem. SMS nitty-gritty are put away in the frameworks of systemadministrators and canister be read by their work force.An assault clay sculpture depicts diverse situations for thepotential outcomes of different assaults where a pernicious MS canaccess the legitimate data, or deceive the honest to goodnessMS. Since, the SMS is sent as plaintext, along these lines systemadministrators can undoubtedly get to the substance of SMS amid thetransmission at SMSC.Fig1. Existing ArchitectureIV. PROPOSED SYSTEMThe purpose merchantman picked these conventions for correlation is thatthese are the main existing conventions which dont propose tochange the incumbent structural planning of cell systems.We needed to contrast our proposed convention and someexisting conventions gave to give end-to-end SMS securitywith even key cryptography, provided there is no suchconvention exists. Both conventions are having two stages comparableto the proposed convention and are in view of symmetric alsoas hilter kilter key cryptography while the proposed conventionis totally in view of symmetric key cryptography.To defeat the above denotative assaults, different figurecalculation s are actualized with the proposed confirmationconvention. We suggest that the figure calculations ought to beput away onto the SIM (some piece of MS) and in addition at AS. Since large(p) security needs to do some additional exertion which is measurable regarding expense, consequently giving or including additionalsecurity means expanding more cost. Creators propose toincorporate one more administration as fearless Message in the menu ofportable programming grew by different versatile organizations.Portable administrators can add some additional charges to send securemessage by their clients over the systems. At whatever flow aclient needs to send a protected message to other client, theproposed convention in particular EasySMS is executed which makesaccessible the symmetric shared key between both MS and afterward count of message happens utilizing a symmetric keycalculation.We propose another convention named EasySMS with twodistinctive situations which give end-to-end securetr ansmission of data in the cell.Is the Secret Key SK Safely Stored? Since the malignant clientdoes not know the structure of cryptographic capacities likef1() and f2(), so he/she can neither create the right MAC1nor right designation key DK1. Further, the mystery key SK isput away on the validation server/focus and also implantedonto the SIM at the season of assembling. In this way, it is very nearlydifficult to concentrate the SK. The capacity situation of SK keywe introduced is same as these days utilized for the voicecorrespondence in the conventional cell systems. In the event that someadministration suppliers dont wish to utilize existing SK in the conventionexecution.The EasySMS convention keeps the SMS data fromdifferent assaults including SMS assault, telephone capture, SMSspam, man-in-the-center assault, and GSMA. This EasySMSsends lesser number of transmitted bits, produces lessreckoning overhead, and diminishes transmission capacity utilizationfurthermore, message traded when contrasted with SMSSec and PK-SIMconventions.V. CONCLUSIONThe EasySMS convention is ordinarily used to outline for arrogance of different assaults furthermore give end-to-endsecure correspondence.Symmetric key is effectively overseen by the proposedconvention called EasySMS furthermore it is correspondenceoverhead amid execution, contrasted with SMSSec and PK-SIMconvention verification of trade of messages is less.VI. REFERENCES1 H. Rongyu, Z. Guolei, C. Chaowen, X. Hui, Q. Xi,also, Q. Zheng, A PK-SIM card based end-to-endsecurity structure for SMS, Compute. StandardInterf. vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 629641, 20092 M. Densmore, Encounters with mass SMS forwellbeing financing in Uganda, in Proc. ACM CHI,2012, pp. 383398.3 D. Risi and M. Tefilo, MobileDeck Turning SMSinto a rich client experience, in Proc. 6th MobiSys,no. 33, 2009.4 R. E. Anderson et al., Encounters with atransportation data framework that uses meet GPSalso, SMS, in Proc. IEEE ICTD, no. 4, Dec. 2010.5 J. L.-C. Lo, J. Mi nister, and J. H. P. Eloff, SMSSecAn end-to end convention for secure SMS, Compute.Security, vol. 27, nos. 56, pp. 1541

Behaviourist And Cognitive Approach To Learning Theories

Behaviourist And Cognitive Approach To Learning TheoriesThe two main influential erudition commencees atomic number 18 the behaviourist and the cognitive approach to learning theories.This give nonice (of) critic exclusivelyy evaluates how learning theories be utilise in the 14-19 Applied scientific chink schoolroom. It examines how behaviourism, although an overage opening, is even applic equal to(p) in the modern elucidateroom and is still used in deviseing the rewards and sanctions policies of the modern check. The impact of Piagets theory of cognitive development is evaluated and what sire-at- adapted difficulties might arise if they were applied exactly as Piaget dictated. The impact of adhering rigorously to Piaget maturational formats is criticised and how it might non be possible to adhere to set ages for progression in a schooltime. Kolb, Vygotsky and Bruners constructivist approaches atomic number 18 comp atomic number 18d and shown that, when applied to a motivated class they start as they were origin wholey mean and yet when applied to a much disaffected class, they arnt as substanti entirelyy applied.The science classroom is an inherently dangerous place for scholars to work in (Frost, Turner 2005, p.168). It is thitherfore necessary to instil a level of discipline in the students, to secure they minimize the dangers to themselves and another(prenominal)s in the science classroom. It is necessary to take (Child 1997, pp.114-121)the students to behave when certain commands argon issued. Behaviour theorists believed that the mind was a booby slate tabula rasa and that we could observe the resolution to stimulus that happened to an organism.Watson thought that a response is more than likely to be connected to an environ psychical progeny (stimulus), if that stimulus-response is tell regularly and with a short period of time between them (Child 1997, p.115). Thorndike showed that the student is less likely to re peat dis each(prenominal)ow stimulus-responses, which indeed means that there will be an increase in the affirmatory stimulus-responses, until a place response is repeated regularly. The stimulus-response is then rein forcefulnessd whenever a positive resolving power is produced.(Child 1997, pp.114-121). mule driver made roughly(prenominal) conclusions from his findings in operative Conditioning (Child 1997, pp.119-121). The stairs taken in the suss out process must be bittie. weak rewards are required at the early spirit levels, besides once the conditioning is reflexive, rewards can be accustomed less regularly. The rewards must come straight off or shortly after a positive response to ensure maximum effectiveness (feedback) (Child 1997, pp.114-121)When discussing learning theories, its necessary to mention Pavlov payable to the impressiveness held in his work, even if it doesnt really flat affect the classroom. Pavlov pioneered the idea of undefiled conditioni ng with his famous experiment where he taught dogs to salivate, when a stimulus was applied, nevertheless before food was given to them. The dogs eventually associated the ringing of the bell with the eliminateing of food and salivated in anticipation of the food arriving (Child 1997, pp.116-118). Pavlovs work does not horriblectly link to educateing in the classroom, still it does follow up, in that the students may be conditioned, to have a memory or a response to an event that happens within the classroom environment.During my lessons I tried to implement Watson, Thorndikes and Skinners theory of Operant Conditioning in the classroom to modify the behaviour of the class. The goal was to condition the students to reflexively stop talking when I taked to a certain field of honor of the room using the theory that the students would repeat behaviour that received a positive response, and not repeat behaviour that received a ostracise response. I initially started to modify their behaviour by moving to the delaying of the front desk, holding my hand up and waiting for silence in the same spot, all time I required them to stop talking and listen. Initially it was necessary to ask for silence and remind them that I was waiting to talk. In somewhat cases it was necessary to issue a sanction as per the science de set offments rules of two warnings, then issuing a detention or keeping them in for part of their break if, if they didnt stop talking rapidly enough. If the class stopped talking quickly, they would be rewarded with praise and if the lesson had gone well a class reward of a game or opposition at the end, if it was appropriate. Positive feedback about performance is said to have a positive effect on future performance. Skinner called it advantage Thorndike called it The righteousness of Effect.(Child 1997, pp.115-121)McAllister et al. (1969) found that praising students not hardly acted as a positive reinforcement of behaviour, moreover that the praise may have also worked by causing peer chemical group pressure in the class to sign on inappropriate behaviour, because the negative behaviour reflected on the class as a whole (McAllister et al. 1969). Banduras Social Learning Theory would say that the students were not merely organismness conditioned to respond to the teacher, but also learning from their peers actions as to what was appropriate behaviour in the classroom.(Atherton 2009)By the end of the six weeks, the students were commencement to respond to the successive approximation as described by Skinner (Child 1997, p.121)positively and required reminding less that I was waiting to talk to them. It was evident that they a great deal preferred the positive response of listening and being allowed to continue with some(prenominal) activity I had planned, to the negative response of not listening and receiving a sanction, before continuing with the activity I had planned. It could be said that they were damage from Learned Helplessness (Atherton 2009a)and had given up on being able to change the lesson by negative behaviour.Due to the need to provide a safe working environment in the classroom, I also worked on the class responding to the command STOP when they were carrying out laboratory work. The idea being that if STOP was said loudly to the whole class, that they automatically stop what they are doing, stop talking, turn to where the teacher is in the classroom and prepare for instructions that are important or safety related.In the early comprises of conditioning, persisting reinforcement is needed to establish the Stimulus-Response link.(Child 1997, p.119) The difficulties whilst trying to implement these theories was down to the summate of time involved in getting the students responding to the stimulus positively. The theory of being able to reward the students for responding positively and sanction them if they dont isnt appropriate in this view, due to the serious n ature of the command. If the students dont respond to it, it could ultimately end up with dire consequences in an emergency situation.The STOP command in particular was a difficult one to implement due to its infrequent use and the seriousness of its use that was implied to the students. If the command was overused, then it would lose its importance as something serious, but on the other hand if it wasnt practiced enough, the students would not respond fittingly when the command was issued.Another interesting situation that arose was from the attention-monopolising students, in that the more demanding students are prepared to put up with the minor inconvenience of the negative reinforcement if they get the attention time from the teacher. (McAllister et al. 1969)Seeing the students more frequently, I am sure that they could be conditioned quicker and show the innate response more readily than when I was only able to see them a few times a week.Behaviourism is evidently still relev ant in the modern school (McQuillan 1998), even if it is a somewhat outdated theory. Schools still have their sanctions policies based around Operant Conditioning and negative reinforcement with various levels of warnings and detentions in place for negative behaviour. This will remain effective for as commodious as policy makers allow these sanctions to be used. However, Skinners belief that we are all blank slates and what goes on inside our benighted boxes (Child 1997, pp.119-121) when we learn is not important, is not relevant anymore.(Child 1997, pp.113-121) The students I have worked with and taught are all very unique in their personalities and show completely diametrical ways of learning. To say that the learning processes they go by are only related to external stimulus and their response to that stimulus does not check with what has been observed in the classroom.Constructivist Theory has played a big part in the current educational environment in schools. Driver and Easley introduced constructivism as it is known now to the science community in 1978. (Solomon 1994, p.3)They stated what was antecedently an in doorwayible theory for science, accessible to the scientific educational community. The 14-19 classroom allows us to look at how Piagets Theory of Cognitive ontogeny is applied.Piaget observed that children go through four distinct symbolizes of cognitive maturation (Burton 2001, pp.237-239)Stages of Cognitive phylogenesis (Atherton 2009b)In the 14-19 classroom, according to Piagets theory, all the students have reached the Formal Operational stage of cognitive development and are capable of developing hypothetical situations and go out abstract concepts. Students should be able to withstand their understanding of a situation and in theory be able to hypothesise what would happen in a given event. (Child 1997, pp.191-207)From experience it is clear that not all students reach the Formal Operation stage at the same time and in fact the 11 year and up boundary is not as clear cut as that (Child 1997, p.202-203). Within my Year 9 KS3 classes the volume of the students were at the Formal Operation stage of development and were capable of victorious an abstract idea, such as levers and moment of a force and throwing their cognition and understanding to derive the equation for calculating the moment of a force themselves. A complex operation that required the students to both assimilate and lodge (Child 1997, p.192) the newfound information they were processing, a occupation which some found difficult, but all were able to eventually complete.With the Year 10 Applied comprehension class only a small portion of the class were at the nous where they could process abstract information or make a hypothesis. Unlike the year nine class they had to be walked through every new concept maltreat by step (Burton, 2001 p241). When they were given the designate of hypothesising why something had happened, for example, whe re did the glowing light from heated calcium carbonate come from, they were ineffective to comprehend that the glowing was not related to the heating itself, but was actually an endothermic reaction. Even with a step by step explanation and clearly showing how the reaction was occurring, only a small portion of the class were able to assimilate and accommodate the schema.Teaching at middle and upper school level should begin from cover considerations, edifice up, where applicable, to more abstract reasoning.(Child 1997, p.203). Piagets theory of distinct maturational stages poses an interesting line for teachers and educational authorities. Should a student be moved into a more advanced class or year because of their age, or should they move up a level when they reach a stage in their learning ability? From experience with the two different classes, its quite apparent that these boundaries are not as clear as Piaget was led to believe. If a school was to teach students based on their stage of cognitive development how long could a student be held back for, before the age prison-breaking between their classmates was too much? Some students may after all never reach the Formal Operations stage.Vygotskys theory says that the childs higher mental processes are developed through the child working with other more familiarityable persons than themselves.(Kozulin 2003, p.19). He theorised that there was a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) that was the boundary between a childs Zone of Actual Performance and their latent level of understanding. The child can access their ZPD with the assistance of a more competent (Kozulin 2003, p.20) person guiding them.(Chaiklin 2003, p.43)Vygotskys Social Constructivist theory moved outside from the didactic approach of teaching, which often led to students developing their own misconceptions and not being able to apply their scientific companionship flexibly to new situations (Karpov 2003, pp.67-73), to a more mixerly gui ded, active approach to learning, where students learnt from their teacher, peers and themselves.Kolbs four stage experiential learning cycle, is similar to both Vygotskys theory of a ZPD and Bruners theory of scaffolding the learning. Kolbs cycle forms on the learners concrete experience and goes through third distinct stages, reflective observation, abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation, before returning(a) to the now new concrete experience,.(Burton 2001, p.246)Similarly Bruner theorised that students built on their other(prenominal) experiences and that by applying a spiral curriculum, they would able to return to subject areas and create on them when they were more capable of dealing with the more complex areas of the curriculum. He saw the teacher as a guide, leadership the student through the learning process by scaffolding their learning with appropriate veridical and as the student progressed less scaffolding is required.(Burton 2001, p.241)When apply ing these theories it is important to be sensible that students are all at different stages of learning. Some students have a more advanced understanding, which puts them in a completely different ZPD, concrete experience or stage in their scaffolded learning, to students who have a dishonor level of understanding.With the KS3 class the students were all in the 5-7 crop for target grades, therefore it was a lot easier to plan how they were going to progress in the lesson. A clear understanding of where they were in relation to their ZPD or their concrete experience was available and it was therefore a lot clearer, what was required to get them to a new Zone of Actual Performance or to the next stage in Kolbs cycle. They had all reached Piagets formal operation stage and were able to develop their knowledge independently.With the GCSE Applied Science class it wasnt as easy to apply the theories. The students target grades ranged from G-A., therefore ascertaining where their concr ete knowledge lay or where they were in their Zone of Actual Performance was quite challenging. Such a rangy spread of stages meant it was often necessary to take a didactic approach to try and provide a basic foundation level of knowledge for the displace attaining students, so that they could access the lesson. In some cases students were never able to access the lesson due to their complete disaffection from the subject or school in general. Most of the class had not reached the formal operation stage and some struggled in the concrete operational stage at times. A good example being when one of the students struggled with the concept of limestone having nothing to do with the fruit.Finding the middle ground, where the higher attaining students wouldnt be bored waiting for the lower attaining students to get on task or understand what to do was exceedingly challenging, and at some points, felt completely pointless trying to apply social constructivist theory to the lesson plan ning with such a wide range of grades in the class was one of the key problems when trying to apply these theories to the lessons.It was still (in retrospect) interesting being able to see two different sides to how social constructivist theory is applied in the classroom. With the higher attaining, less disaffected KS3 students, it was a lot easier to see how the theories could be effectively applied to their lessons, how they benefitted from the teacher performing as a guide and their interest in the lesson meant that they were able to access it and move forward in their learning. It was always clear at which point in the learning process each students was at and what was required to move them onto the next level in the learning cycle.With the more disaffected, lower attaining students, in the GCSE Applied Science class it was so much harder to effectively apply these theories in the lesson. I tried on several occasions to teach lessons where I acted as the guide through their le arning process the students (in theory) would build on their experiential learning and move forward in their knowledge and understanding of the subject. In fact what happened was that the students panicked at the thought of not having the teacher dictating to them each step of the lesson and what they must do. The concrete experience for some was so limited that they were unable to apply it to the lesson and very quickly, if they were not given step by step instructions as to what to do next, they would be off task and cause other students to go off task as well. Therefore it seemed that the behaviourist theory, in particular Skinner, was being followed, as the positive reward was completing the step.Within the GCSE class there were several students who were classed as having Special Educational Needs (SEN), this ranged from Social Emotional behavioral Difficulties (SEBD) to Dyslexia and Dyspraxia. Since the revised national curriculum was brought in to effect in phratry 2000, the se students have had the right to a place in the classroom on base students without any SEN.(Peacey 2001) Students with SEN are to be included in the lessons and not treat as separate entities to the non-SEN students. Effectively inclusion was brought in to ensure that all students had access to exactly the same educational opportunities as other students. in addition see inclusion in practice is very different to information about it on paper though. Within the class the students suffering from Dyslexia and Dyspraxia, worked jolly diligently, and although at times they found it a struggle organising themselves for course work or in taking notes, they caused little disruption to the other students. They had the superfluous help required and were catered for in examinations and course work they were effectively being included.The students who were listed as having SEBD on the other hand, would have appeared to an outsider to relish in the opportunity to be able to disrupt learnin g they spent more time being removed from the class than learning itself. Yet if their backgrounds were to be looked into, it would be apparent that it was an achievement being in school that sidereal day and it was quite understandable that science was not their top priority, when they might not have even had breakfast that morning.Their inclusion in the lesson was negatively impacting on other students who were not on the SEN register and did not need to be specially included into the class to due to disruptive behaviour. This leads to the question When should a student not be included in a classroom?, which at this point in my limited experience, I am unable to answer.In conclusion, behaviourism is still always going to be braggy in the modern school as a way of leading students towards becoming more disciplined and focused in their studies, via the rewards and sanctions policies on which they are based.When applying the cognitive learning theories, it is necessary to be aware that not all of the students are going to be starting at the same level, some may well be significantly below the level of other students and are only grouped together because of their age. Therefore the materials to be taught are not necessarily going to be accessible to all of the class all of the time unless they are developed to be inclusive for all the students, which is the current aim of the government.(Peacey 2001). The only viable option would be to group classes closely by attainment level as opposed to age, which is marvellous to happen.Word Count = 3,283

The Operation Management Of Fedex Information Technology Essay

The Operation Management Of Fedex Information Technology EssayFedEx is the worlds largest comport raptus telephoner founded in 1971. Revenues in fiscal year 2008 were $38 billion and a net income of $1.13 billion. There atomic number 18 more than 280,000 employees worldwide, military suffice 210 countries and 366 airports worldwide, with 657 aircraft. The ground vehicle fleet computes 43,500 worldwide. There argon 44,000 fly boxes, 2400 FedEx merchant vessels sites and 7600 authorized shipping centers. The average share volume amounts to more or slight 3.1 million piece of lands periodical, weighing in at 25.6 million pounds annually. Average daily payload volume is about 7 million pounds per day. This level of task generates more than 500,000 daily calls and 63 million daily electronic transmissions.The home(prenominal) market is currently viewed as mature a The FedEx FamilyFedEx Corporation, a $20-billion planetary enterpriseFedEx Express, the worlds largest exp ress imparting company, this is the overnight courier assists, mainly using aircrafts for postation.FedEx Ground, North Americas second-largest appropriater of ground small- software economy within 24 hours. in the main trucks are used for packages movement.FedEx Freight, a leading returnr of regional less than truckload freight service of processs, trucks are the main transportation systemFedEx Custom Critical, the worlds largest draw close expedited carrier for urgent, valuable or hazardous items, using charted aircraft and trucks.FedEx Trade Net charms, a high-tech customs broker and trade facilitatorFedEx Office, kn bear as Kinkos, scissure a full serve of copying, editing, and printing.FedEx put up Chain Services, a filial of FedEx that provides logistics services, as transportation focusing, critical inventory logistics it offers a portfolio of services that helps twist around supply cosmic string way into a combative strategy. provide chain services at FedEx allow mainly focused on client needs in term of monetary value reduction, metre-definite, and global solutions to modify customers competitive position. In addition to this supply chain services aggressively chase after business opportunities to meet and exceed FedEx earnings and growth objectives.To fulfill those objectives FedEx uses a company culture defined byThe impressiveness of their communications.The empowerment of their pile for peak performance.Employee pride in performance.A safe and rewarding work environment.Their mutually rewarding partnerships with customers and suppliers.Understanding and valuing diversity.Focus on our customers and a irritation for service excellence.Conducting business to the highest ethical and professional standards.Supply chainFedEx Supply Chain Services designs, develops, and applies transportation management and e-Logistics solutions to improve inventory visibility, velocity, and hurry to market. Their transportation management serv ice improves transportation processes and apprize increase efficiencies. Their e-Logistics theme helps customers compete in todays highly competitive e-Business channels.The FedEx network uses a HUB and mouth system allowing flexibility in primary warehousing, distri bution, secondary warehousing to hear minimum inventory holding be providing the customers with a cutting adjoin over its competitors.HUBcitycitycitycity lectureDeliveryDeliveryPickupPickupPickupThe HUB and SPOKE systemTo mark connection between the hub and the city charted aircraft and trucks are used, aircraft assure the hub connection. transit and logistics managementTransportation is the linkage process in logistics and often consumes much of the resources provided to the logistics suffice especially with a package delivery process companies like FedEx. It at one snip dominated the dispersion activity but for most companies it is now incorporate into an overall activity. There are three factors that nee d to be considered. in operation(p) factors intromit customer, environmental, product and company characteristics. The choice of transport mode is influenced by load size, density, value, competitive necessity and cost structures. Channel strategy considerations include the identification of available channels and the interfaces within each channel.FedEx combines people and engineering to optimize cost and service. Their transportation management service combines sophisticated schooling technology with human resources to improve the inbound and outbound transportation processes of their customers. Their service simplifies carrier survival of the fittest, improves logistics management, and offers cost savings opportunities. They streamline transportation management by providing a single draw of contact for all of customers shipment and delivery needs. A aggroup of dedicated coordinators is assigned to each account. Clients order service via electronic data interchange, the Int ernet, phone, or fax. They identify the carrier that will provide the lowest cost and best service for a customers shipment via software system bases developed by FedEx. Then, a coordinator alerts the selected carrier and dispatches a vehicle. The guide is a simplified, cost-effective process for managing transportation and inventory carrying be.Transportation accounts for the largest resource loading in the logistics activity, therefore its relative cost/benefit profile must be established within the context of the level of customer rapture that is being set as an objective. There are a number of interface areas and therefore decisions shared by transportation. These should be explored by number 1 identifying the areas of flexibility and inflexibility of the decisions and most importantly that of the customer service objectives. The decisions influenced by transportation considerations includeCustomer communicationsMarket coverageSourcing decisions impact/manufacturingCustom er service decisions.FedEx combines people and technology to optimize cost and service. Their transportation management service combines sophisticated instruction technology with human resources to improve the inbound and outbound transportation processes of their customers. Their service simplifies carrier selection, improves logistics management, and offers cost savings opportunities. They streamline transportation management by providing a single fleck of contact for all of a customers shipment and delivery needs. A team of dedicated coordinators is assigned to each account. Clients order service via electronic data interchange, the Internet, phone, or fax. They identify the carrier that will provide the lowest cost and best service for a customers shipment. Then, a coordinator alerts the selected carrier and dispatches a vehicle. The result is a simplified, cost-effective process for managing transportation and inventory carrying costs.Heres what your company tummy expect fro m their transportation management serviceTransportation Savings As a result of their carrier network and superior technology, they offer transportation savings opportunities to their customers.Discipline Control They identify delivery dates indeed, they determine the effective mode of transportation for each shipment. In addition, they audit carrier deference to their customers specifications.Convenience They audit your freight bills and allocate charges to the appropriate accounting scratch within your organization. In addition, they offer the opportunity to hack administration costs through electronic, paperless invoices.Information They capture complete data about your companys shipments and provide useful management reports to further improve your transportation process.Customer service in the supply chainEfficient Consumer Response refers to the situation that makes the consumer the champion by providing better service to customers at lower cost, fewer straining outs an d new products they want. Consumers will get a better deal overall. all(prenominal) this is done through control of information and product form the point of manufacturing to the point of sale, with the intent of eliminating waste and reducing cost cross an integral distribution pipeline. With ECR the entire pipeline is driven by s offerned data at the point of sale. Replenishment orders are communicated via EDI to direct store delivery to sell distribution centers to wholesaler / distributor and to the manufacturers.This figures that the right amount of product is delivered in a cliply fashion, eliminating un infallible inventory in the pipeline, eliminating stock outs and overly eliminating the need for each pipeline participant to conduct its own forecast. In essence, ECR makes it possible for participants in a distribution pipeline to substitute information for inventory. The benefits to them are increased product velocity and the competitive benefits of significantly lowe r costs.ExampleFedEx has a 24 hour call center the customers can call and make an order for pickup and delivery. FedEx assures a maximum 1 hour response time for pick up. The customer is expected to package the goods to be sent.Also after the pick-up has taken place, a one-hour time for doing the necessary paperwork is required.Following this a maximum of 6 hours processing time is ask at the airport for bagging, tagging, foreign exchange remittance, security check, clearance, etc. holding in mind the time for departure of flight, FedEx works backward to ensure that the product is picked and delivered on timeFor achieving this FedEx has a call cutoff time after which they stop taking calls for that particular dayThey wealthy person an big businessman cut off time after which paper work by the office is not done.And they have at ramp cutoff time after which a package is not taken to the airport (this is the time required to balance the aircraft and to secure the goods to it.)Howev er the adjustments to these rules can be make dep ratiocinationing on the proximity of the customers to the office or his volunteering to drop off the package at the airport, etcDHL ExpressDHL is a Deutsche Post World Net company of Germany that provides international Mail, Express, Logistics and Finance. The company was founded in 1969 by Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom, and Robert Lynn.The trio initially provided a courier service between the Continental joined States and Hawaii then expanded the business from there. In 1998, Deutsche Post World Net began to perplex shares in DHL, finally partakeed majority ownership in 2001, and completed the purchase in 2002.DHL owns its own cargo airlines, European Air Transport, originally base in Brussels, and DHL Air, based at the East Midlands Airport in the United Kingdom.DHL is the global market leader in international express, overland transport and air freight. It is also the worlds number 1 in ocean freight and contract logistics. DH L offers a full range of customized solutions from express document shipping to supply chain management.As on 2009, DHL employees have 500 000 employees crosswise the various locations, has 6500 offices, more than 450 Hubs, and Warehouses Terminals, 240 Gateways, and 420 Aircraft, 76200 vehicles, serves more than 220 countries, and make more than 1.5 shipments per YearSupply ChainDHL is completely service oriented therefore it does not have its own material movement, that means it only involves somatic distribution and procurement. procurement also includes the material needed for packaging such as paper, mould trays and boxes, wooden crates, standard containers wraps, plastic inlays etc. The materials or the goods collected from the senders (including papers, documents, physical goods like clothing, household good, chemicals, exotic animals ) are weighed, checked for condition, and depending upon its various characteristics it is packed. The goods are then dispatched to their destinations. There is no value addition to the material itself but it is done to the service which is provided (ex. if there has to be a certain package delivered from A to B the normal services would take about 2 days whereas as a super-fast delivery would be done in about 9 hours)Information coalesce identifies specific locations within a logistical system that have requirements. Information also integrates the three operate areas. The primary objective of developing and specifying requirements is to plan and execute integrated logistical operations. These flows are divided into two major typesCoordination flowOperation flowCoordination flowObjectives Coordination is the backbone of the overall information system, It implies estimating the time requires for collecting the goods from the gateway step of the sender and then estimating the time for the goods to reach the final customer. presage utilizes historical data, current activity levels, and planning assumptions to predic t future activity levels, as for DHL the whole business depends on the vital point of punctual delivery, Based on the distance to the final receiver, the accessibility, the documentations and procedures that need to be handled. They have fine-tuned process of delivery. They can accurately gauge how much time it will take for the goods to reach its end destination.Operation flowThe second feel of information requirements is concerned with directing operations to receive, process, and ship inventory as required supporting customer and purchasing orders. Operational requirements deal with modulate managementOrder processingDistribution operationsInventory managementTransportation and shippingProcurementDHL owns its success for the efficiency with which the operations are carried out. Here not only the company but the sender and sometimes the receiver can track the goods through their information center. They are give a certain password which they can use to trace via online or their customer service helpline.TransportationDHL uses all the modes of transportations that isairwaysroadwayswaterwaysrail freightDHL has its own fleet of airplanes and motor vans. Depending upon the final destination where the goods have to finally reach and the type of package the customer has paid for, DHL uses the individual modes of transport or a combination of either of these or all. Once again the geographical location and how fast the goods have to be delivered are the factors for the final selection of modes of transportation.DHL provides an appropriate logistical solution which helps in reducing the overall cost for the customers.WarehousingTwo type of warehousingBonded Warehousing, provides secure environments, in which customers products can be held, without paying the local taxes.Shared-user Warehousing is a shared-user facility that is intentional to meet the needs of organizations of any size, mainly used, for leading manufacturers and retailers of medical supplies, co nsumer products, industrial equipment, chemicals and technology.Through sharing of DHLs resources, such as space, labor, equipment and transportation, customers benefit from synergies that considerably reduce supply chain costs. Consequently, the customer can increase efficiencies throughout their distribution network and maintain a higher level of service to their customers. semblanceStrategic objectivesHUB and SPOKENature and location of customers, which are matched to the required products and services to be performedOperational flowsprocess-oriented, integrated approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services to customerslogical progress of developments in logistics managementdirecting operations to receive, process, and ship inventory as required supporting customer and purchasing ordersthe efficiency with which the operations are carried outSupply chain optimizationsuppliers at one end and customers at the otherelectronic data, electronic funds transfereff ective supply chain solutionoperational improvement and inventory digestCustomer serviceEfficient Consumer Responsereducing cost spot PackagingAdd flexibilityAccelerate time to markTransportationMainly Aircraft and RoadwaysAdaptive to market and productAirways, roadways, waterways, rail freightDepends on the packages to transportConclusionFrom the previous analysis both operations management seems to be efficient dependent on the companys philosophy and both are the leading companies in the package transportation and distribution.Bibliographieshttp//www.dhl.com/http//www.fedex.com/http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedExhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL_Express

Brigham Young University and The Mountain Meadows Massacre by Juanita B

Brigham youngish University and The Mountain Meadows Massacre by Juanita BrooksThe Mountain Meadows Massacre by Juanita Brooks recounts a tragic historical event in a manner that wad teach important lessons. The disc is rise up researched and well written and reflects the great historical significance of the massacre. In addition, students learn unearthly lessons studying the book and its subject. Although some members of the Church and a few of Brigham juvenile Universitys faculty doubt the wisdom of teaching The Mountain Meadows Massacre, this book should be taught at BYU. The Mountain Meadows Massacre is an important book written by an important author. Some justifiably argue that Brookss book is invalid because she is overly defensive of John D. Lee-thus, they reason, the book is too subjective to take blighted as a historical work. Despite this shortcoming, the book is, overall, an excellent gentlemans gentleman of critical writing. Brooks bases her book on primary sou rces displaying various opinions somewhat the massacre. Even if the book is not completely objective, students can learn from bad examples as well as good ones. Studying The Mountain Meadows Massacre, specially under the direction of a competent teacher, can teach students to presuppose critically about literature and avoid errors in their own writing. In addition to its literary merits, the book is a prime example of how authors can have a significant influence on the public. After Brookss book was published, members of the Church began to research and discuss the Massacre more openly. One Mormon historian states Beginning with the landmark work of Juanita Brooks and proceeding at an increased pace during the past dozen years a touch sensation of openness, reconciliation, and hea... ...ssence, BYU students are bright, spiritually experienced, and ready for the challenge of studying The Mountain Meadows Massacre. By studying Brookss book, students will learn to correctly addres s perplexing church doctrine issues. They will hone their critical reading and writing skills and become old(prenominal) with a crucial part of their history. If the administrators of BYU want their students to go forth as effective representatives of the Church, they must recognize the benefits of teaching Juanita Brookss The Mountain Meadows Massacre. Works CitedBushman, Richard L. individual(prenominal) Interview. 19 November 2002. Leonard, Glenn M. In Pursuit of Answers to Difficult Questions. The Journal of Mormon History, 28 (Fall 2002) 14. Snyder, Eric. True Confession I love BYU. Why Write? Provo Brigham new-fangled University Department of Undergraduate Education, 2002. 244.

Free Essays: Nature in Dickinson’s Poetry :: Biography Biographies Essays

Nature in Dickinsons Poetry The resource of Emily Dickinson, by Ruth Flanders McNaughton, in a chapter entitled "Imagery of Nature," examines the musical mode the Emily Dickinson portrays nature in her poetry. Dickinson often identified nature with heaven or God (33), which could have been the result of her unique relationship with God and the universe. thither are a lot of religious images and anyusions used in her poetry, much(prenominal) as the rainbow as the sign of the covenant God made with Noah. Dickinson invariably held nature in reverence throughout her poetry, because she regarded nature as just about religious. There was almost always a mystical or religious undercurrent to her poetry, but she depicted the scenes from an artistic point of view or else than from a religious one (34). One of the most obvious things that Dickinson did in her poetry was paying atomic number 42 attention to things nobody else noticed. She was obsessed with the minute detai l of naturepaying attention to things such as hills, flies, mess up bees, and eclipses. In these details, Dickinson found "manifestations of the universal" and felt the harmony that bound everything unitedly (33). The small details and particulars that caught her eye were exchangeable "small dramas of existence" (39). all(prenominal) poem was like a tiny micro-chasm that testified to Dickinsons life as a recluse. Dickinsons created "dramas" were not static, but everything from the images she used to the words she chose for tinge contributed to a "moving picture" (39). In the following poem, Dickinson writes how nature acts as a housewife sweeping through a sunset She sweeps with many-colored brooms, And leaves the shreds tramp Oh, housewife in the evening west, Come back, and dust the pond   You dropped a purple ravelling in, You dropped an amber thread And now youve littered all the East With duds of emerald   And still she plies her spotted brooms, And still the aprons fly, Till brooms exceed softly into stars And then I come away.   Dickinson artistically shows the "sunset in terms of house cleaning" (36). The themes of domestic life and housewifery are displayed in the preceding poem. Only somebody with the observational powers and original creativity like Emily Dickinson could see something so unique and refreshing in a sunset.

Encourage Children to Follow Their Dreams :: Teaching School Education Essays

Encourage Children to Follow Their DreamsPhilosophy assertion After fourteen years of being scared of college, I indomitable to start my new-sprung(prenominal) journey in August of 2001. I valued to go to college all by life to have a teacher, merely I felt I needed to wait until my children were old teeming to understand. Therefore, I pushed my dream back until one day it over whelmed me I jumped in with both feet. I was so scared my first day, more thanover over time, the fear went away and I am now full focused on my dream. My husband and children have supported me with my decision I could not have made it this far without them. I wanted to become an elementary teacher, but along the way, I found a new loveEnglish. Therefore, I changed my major. I am counting the days until I have my own classroom. I have been active with my children every since they were born. I have coached cheerleading for five years, and served as a team mom and cheerlead ing coordinator for 2 Little League teams. I am always at their naturalise helping in one way or another. And I subscribe up to help with the Title I course of study. I can conduct into my classroom my experiences with children. Many of these children have problems at home. I want to be able to identify these children and help them cope with these problems. Students today have to superintend with issues that you and I did not have to when we were at that age. I plan to exploit toward my Masters in English after I potash alum from Concord, but I do want to begin teaching immediately. I feel it is necessary to get into the classroom while I am excited and new with ideas. I want to start working more in my community with children. I would like to start a program to educate children about guidelines for a college education. They need to know there scholarships and financial aid available.I would also like to help them with problems they are having at home, a nd show them that life is not all bad.

How Bronte Shows the Reader Janes Resilience in Jane Eyre Essay

How Bronte Shows the Reader Janes Resilience in Jane EyreThe novel Jane Eyre is create verbally by Charlotte Bronte and is set in the1800s. It describes how Jane rose up from her orphan placement at thestart of the story to a higher status with Mr Rochester. more thanimportantly Jane finds gaiety. During the 1800s a womans statuswas suffering and to have a higher status would involve marrying into a privilegedfamily or already belonging to a wealthy family. The story dooms howJane copes with the ups and downs in her life, during her journey forhappiness. The aim of this essay is to show up how Bronte shows Janesresilience to events end-to-end the novel. Resilience is the abilityto withstand suffering, to show strength. The essay will in like manner includehow successful Jane is as a heroine. Qualities that could beconsidered to make Jane a heroine are selflessness, courageousness andbravery. Throughout the essay will be references to six episodes thatoccur during the novel . Each of the episodes will show Janesresilience or her heroic qualities.At the start of the story Bronte pre displaces Jane as a preteen girl who isbeing bullied by her cousin John Reed. When she stands up to him sheis punished and no one believes that he is a part of the bullying. Sheis then sent to the Red Room by her aunt Mrs Reed. The Red Room iswhere her uncle died and has tho been used for guests since. As wellas being bullied by John, he expects Jane to respect him, for examplesay, what do you want Master Reed? He acts superior to her. Afterbeing treated pervertingly Jane still has the courage to say wicked andcruel boy to John and not conk up and let him win. During her stay atthe Red Room Jane believes she sees a ghost, she cries for help... ...rage andbravery. She doesnt cave in and give up hope, she is resilient. Allof the episodes throughout this essay show Janes resilience. Ibelieve that the reason Bronte wrote Jane Eyre was to show that if youwant something bad enough you will get it. Jane wanted happiness andrespect from others at the end of the novel she has achieved this.Jane was in many bad situations but she was determined so she gotthrough them all. The novel is also close to the status of women in the1800s. I think that Bronte was also trying to show that women havestrength and that they deserved the same respect as men. The fact inthe story and the point of view that Bronte gives us, encourages thereader to understand the sort out of life led by women during the 1800sand their low status in society. The reader would also admire Jane asshe was such a unvoiced individual.

The Reproductive System Essay -- Papers

The procreative System The male and female productive systems ar different with some(prenominal) having specific roles. The Male Reproductive System ============================ The main structures of the male reproductive system are the testes, the penis and several glands. Male sperm carries transmittable information and are produced continu for each oney from the start of puberty. The primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis make two secondary spermatocytes and then four, which have half the nitty-gritty of chromosomes as the mother cell (46 in humans) therefore sperm (spermatozoa) has 23 chromosomes (genetic information). Sperm produced in the testes in a sac c eithered the scrotum is 3C cooler than normal body temperature as they hang surmount amidst the legs. Sperm does not develop well at 37C. seminiferous tubule coiled tightly in the testes make up several hundred compartments and here sperm cells are produced by the sertoli cells. I t takes two months for the full work of a sperm cell and several hundred million are made each day. Those that are not ejaculated are broken down and absorbed into the body. Testosterone is secreted from cells in the testes. All cells in the testes for normal function enquire hormones, these are a combination of pituitary hormones called FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). subsequently its manufacture sperm is delivered to a long coiled tube called the epididymis where it matures and corset there for at least 18 hours before their mobility develops. Once this has interpreted place sperm then passes along to another tube called the vessel deferens where it is stored. During intercours... ...enta, the lifeline between mother and offspring. Through this organ the foetus gains all its needs and disposes of all its waste. Extensive changes occur in almost all of the systems in a womans body during pregnancy. If conception d oes not occur preparations, in the form of a series of changes each month, are abandoned. The materials that are produced each month are scrapped and a fresh cycle begins, preparing again for conception. This level(p) sequence is termed the menstrual cycle because of the discharge of fluid (menses) occurring via the vagina at standard intervals. The events of this cycle are divided into four stages - 1 Menstrual 2 Follicular 3 Ovulatory 4 Luteal Phase 3, which is mid cycle, is the clipping that the ovum is released from the ovary (this is what is known as ovulation).