Attila the Hun †Short Story Essay

Why were the legions campaigns of Attila the Hun successful? Attilas military success depart be explained through with(predicate) his ability to lure the papisticals into struggle on a pretext w chickever the papistics were vulnerable. His motives behind each disturb was to outline as more than m unrivalledy from the papisticals as possible. Also to be explored will be his ability to assert psychological domination over the easterly emperor butterfly at a conviction when the two pudding st unitys were at peace. more thanover to be examined will be his ability to portray him ego as diplomatic through treaties and embassy consultations between the papistics and the Huns. Also to be looked at will be how successful was Attilas at creating and seizing opportunities This will be do by loo world-beater at Attilas campaigns in the east and westerly Roman empires. after(prenominal) the death of their Uncle Rua 435/6, Attila and his br another(prenominal) Bleda took contr ol of the Hunnic empire. The two brothers inflexible to renegotiate the relationship that existed between their Uncle Rua and the east Roman imperium launch in Constantinople.The Treaty found up by Rua, stipu deepd that, the Romans paid him an yearly subsidy of 350 lbs of luxurious. He excessively demanded fugitives who had fled to the Romans and threatened state of war if they were not effected. The negotiations took fix near the city of Margus in 438. According to Priscus the skirmish took place accord to both parties customs. The Huns would hear what the Romans had to say while mounted on ahorseback while the Romans discussed the meeting on foot. The Huns dictated the new terms of the treaty, referred to as the Peace of Margus. The Huns decided the annual subsidy was to be raised to the amount of money of 700lbs. The treaty to a fault fixed that for every Roman captive who had fly from the barbarians, the Romans must pay eight pieces of gold. The treaty also pred etermined that in all fugitives must be returned to the Huns.Furthermore the emperor Theodosius was to relinquish any current treaties with enemies of the Huns. but the Huns were to conduct the way the free markets on the northern gradient of the Danube were controlled. Attila used the markets as a pretext to wage war on the east. The free markets were attacked by Hunnic traders in 441/2 killing Roman merchants during the raid. Theodosius complained that the Huns had go against the Peace of Margus. The Huns reported to the Romans that the Bishop of Margus had crossed over to their territory and robbed their royal tombs. They complained that the Romans had not honoured the Peace of Margus by refusing to return fugitives to them. Additionally, they demanded the Bishop be handed over as well. The signifi trampce of these allegations was central to the Huns plan for an attack during the campaigning sea male child. The Romans refused both claims and war was stated.Having successfull y provoked the eastern Romans into a war had been a strategical move by the Hunnic leader. Attila knew the eastern Roman field moguls were based in Sicily on a joint expedition with the Western conglomerate to recapture Carthage from the Vandals led by king Geseric. The no.th African campaign was part why Theodosius readily concord to the treaty of Margus. He thought it would bring forth the east breathing space. Moreover Carthage was crucial to the Western Empire as it provided capital of Italy with grain. Knowing that the east was vulnerable, the Huns would cause carnage throughout the Balkans. Margus was a key city that opened up the Balkans for the Hunnic invasion of the east. The Bishop of Margus defected to the Huns. In return for clemency he handed over the Episcopal city. The Huns swept through the Balkans raising cities to the ground. The key fortified city of Naissus was be beleagueringd and taken. Priscus gives an account of the siege.He states a large number of Hunnic siege engines had been brought up to the wallthe so called rams were brought up alsoA beam is suspended by slack shackles. However, Professor E.A Thomp discussion disputes that the siege occurred and that Priscus borrows hard on Thucydides account of the Battle at Plataea. Professor Thompson states four reasons to argue his point, among them the Huns inept ability to construct much(prenominal) machines and also it is unlikely that the Hunnic archers, who rarely dismounted, would on this occasion claim leave field their horses for a totally alien form of warfare. On the other hand, they whitethorn put one over been quite capable of much(prenominal) construction for it is well document they had enslaved many tradesmen. As for example in the bath which was do for the Hunnic impressive Onegesius by a craftsman who was captured at Sirmium. Nevertheless the Huns ransacked and loot the Balkans taking fortified cities on the way much(prenominal) as Viminacium, Illyricum and discomfited the Roman army at Chersonese. According to Brian Croke, In 441 the Huns invaded Illyricum only and in 442 broke into northern Thrace .The Romans sued for peace and the Treaty of Anatolius was agreed. Attila terms demanded that the annual tribute be tripled to 2,100 pounds of gold. He also compelled the Romans to surrender all Hun deserters and to ransom their take in deserters at a rate of twelve solidi each. The treaty, however, contained one provision that had no precedent. Attila forced the Romans to arrange an immediate wages of 6,000 pounds of gold. Attilas plan to force a war to bring about higher subsidies had worked. He would destroy the Balkans for a second time in 447 when he came looking for subsidies that were in arrears. When Atillas second campaign of the Balkans began in 447 he was sole leader of the Huns afterward having his brother Bleda killed in 445/6. A year later an embassy was sent by Attila to the Imperial judgeship to address the rej oinder of arrears and fugitives.The Romans were now feeling in a stronger position. They had introduced a new legality in 443 which insured array readiness for the Eastern Field forces. They had been strengthened by a enlisting of a large number of Isaurians traditionally bandits- from the highlands of Cilicia in south-west Asia Minor. Moreover the Eastern army had been forced to return from Sicily after Attilas maiden campaign. Attila turned as far south to Thermopylae and then west, pillage Marcianople, Arcadiopolis, and Callipolis. An earthquake at Constantinople had occurred, Attila decided to turn back. The Imperial City was heavily fortified with triple walls that had been repaired hastily after the earthquake. The legislated Military Readiness law was of little use to the Romans as Attila wreaked havoc on an unprecedented scale.The results were the very(prenominal) as the first campaign, the Romans sued for peace and the second treaty of Anatolius was agreed. More subsi des was agreed and a large track of land to act as a buffer zone between the Huns and the Romans was approved. Attila had succeeded at luring the Eastern Empire into war on a pretext to extort more subsidies. He was also adept at asserting his psychological domination, by humiliating the Eastern Emperor Theodosius at Constantinople. Theodosius was humiliated in 449 when his Eunuch Chrysaphius hatched a plot to assassinate Attila. The Plot was unbekn declare to the Roman ambassador Maximinus, and his reckon Priscus. They were sent to Attilas camp to discuss issues in the treaty such as the ongoing fugitives case and the issue of the land used as a buffer zone. To give a picture of the devastation Attila caused in the Balkans. Prisucus relates how when change of location to Attilas court in 449 they stopped at Naissus to frame tent, he states how the place was littered with bones from Attilas first campaign. Attilas refusal to meet the missionaries irritated Maximinus and Priscus.H e enjoin them to leave then ordered them to stay. Maximinus and Priscus were at a loss to Attilas behaviour. Maximinus was frustrated and urged Priscus to arrange a meeting with Attila. Priscus succeeded by offering gifts to Onegesius brother Scottas to secure them a meeting with Attila. The two missionaries were shocked when it was revealed to them by Attilas men the purpose of their mission. After nothing left to stay for they departed home despaired. They met their interpreter Bigilas travelling back to Attilas court whom he had dismissed earlier. When they had initially left Constantinople, Chrysaphius had persuaded Edeco to kill Attila. Edeco had arrived in Constantinople the previous spring as a Hunnic ambassador and was now returning to Attilas camp a enormous with Maximinus and Priscus. Edeco a congregating and trustful servant to Attila had revealed the details at once. When Bigilas arrived he was immediately set upon by Attilas men and a bag with 50lbs of gold was found in his possession.It was the reward money to Edeco if he had succeeded in killing Attila. Bigilas son was threatened with death if he did not come back with some other 50lbs of gold. Attila sent his Roman secretary Orestes as a Hunnic ambassador to Constantinople with the set down bag around his neck. His instructions were to ask Theodosius if he recognised the bag. Priscus gives a clear account of the humiliation when he states Eslas was to say directly that Theodosius was the son of a nobly born father, and Attila too was off noble decline in qualitywhereas Attila had preserved his noble linage, Theodosius had rejoinen from his and was Attilas slave bound to the payment of tribute. Attila had succeeded at psychologically humiliating Theodosius. Furthermore, as the interpreter returned with the 50lb of gold to free his son, Attila had gained more subsidies in the form of 100lbs gold even though the two sides were at peace. Priscus observed an interesting point at Attilas court. He noticed Attila was asking western ambassadors to hand over a silver plate dealer who resided in Rome, named Silvanus. Attila claimed Silvanus had stolen gold vessels from him. Silvanus maintained he had bought the vessels from Attilas secretary Constantius. Attila had Constantius crucified and called for the surrender of the Silvanus. The Roman everyday Aetius refused Attilas demand. Aetius declared that Silvanus was Constantius creditor, despite the fact that he did offer to pay for the price of the vessels he would not hand over the innocent Silvanus. Attila had got his pretext to wage war in the west. Moreover in c.450 a Frankish succession crisis brought about a situation where one claimant appealed to the Huns and the other to the Vatican. In 451 Attila left the Magyar plains and turned westwards to batrachian. The Hunnic invasion of Gaul was accompanied by consort such as the Rugian, Gepid, Burgundian, Scirian, Thuringian and Franks.They initially swept away defenceless cities such as Metz and Constantines old Imperial city at Trier. At the city of Orleans they met heavy resistance from the Alans who were in the service of the Romans. Aetius and Theodoric along with several other mercenary tribes manage to lure Attila away from Orleans. The followers month was the Battle of Chalons on the Catalaunian fields. The struggle of Catulaunian Fields is regarded as one of the decisive battles of the western world. Attilas army was shoot downed by Aetius who stand for the incapable Western Emperor Valentinian. Both sides suffered heavy losses, the Gothic king Theodoric had been killed in the battle. Aetius advised Theodorics son Thorismud to return home to champion his claim to the throne, as a result disabling Aetius pursuit of the battle against the Hunnic alliance.Attila retreated back to the Hungarian plains to plan his next move. Within a year the Huns were on the move again. The Western Emperor Valentinian sister Honoria had been caught having a n issue and was bethrothed to another man named Herculanus. She sent her eunuch Hyacinthus to Attila before he entered Gaul offering herself as his wife and half the western Empire as her dowry. She had sent her ring as proof of her commitment. Attila waged war on Italy in 452 on the pretext he was entitled to half the Western Empire. Attila ransacked the wealthiest cities in northern Italy most notably Aquileia and Milan.When he was marching towards Rome papal legend claims Pope Leo persuaded him to abandon his plan and not to attack Rome. More practical issues would be his incompetence in preparing a supply line of food for his huge army. It could also be utter the army was suffering from breakouts of various diseases. Furthermore an Eastern Roman General also named Aetius had invaded Attilas kingdom. Nonetheless, Attila decided to return home to his vast Empire north of the Danube where he died the following year on his wedding night.The Huns had been inadvertently responsible for creating the instability the Western Empire now faced. Attilas predecessors had forced, Germanic, Alans, Suevi and other tribes into the Empire for sanctuary. In 376 the Romans were beseeched by Goths north of the Danube to be admitted into the Empire who had been retreating under Hunnic Pressure. They had been driven from their lands by the Huns and were now crossing the Danube to reach the Empire. When the Goths were admitted into the Empire during the late fourth century, the authorities gave them food and land to cultivate. The Eastern Emperor Valens viewed them as foedearti and more taxes this would realise the army and treasury alike. Moreover the rich landowners would benefit from their labourer. Too many refugees came across for the Romans to count, but it may possibly have been in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Many were dispersed to whether they were needed to stop them sightly a threat to the Empire.The displacement of the Goths by the Huns and acceptance by E mperor Valens is often viewed as the beginning of the end for the Western Roman Empire. The invitation speedily turned to attempted invasion when the Romans in the east suffered their worst defeat in 600 years at the battle of Adrianople in 378. The Goths led by king Fritergen killed the emperor Valens not until the ninth century would another emperor die in battle. They slaughtered two thirds of the Eastern Roman army. It was a self inflicted wound, near crippling the east. If the Goths had been treated better in the east, they may have helped the Romans face the Hunnic hordes already closing in from the Steppes. Furthermore slightly more than three decades later the Visigoths led by Alaric would sack Rome in 410.These two conquests in the east and west is evident the once flop Roman Empires glory days were almost at an end. By the time the Huns had turned west from the Hungarian plains into Gaul, the west was already a wasted Empire through lose of land, taxes and military power . By the time of Attilas arrival the Western Empire was dominated by barbarian tribes. Germanic forces had fought and weakened the empire in northern Gaul. Consequently it seems to have depart a patchwork of territories ruled by unrecognised chiefs, leaders whose strength was based upon Roman titles, and barbarian warlords. The tribes were dominant enough to conduct their own foreign policy and more importantly, alliances, without Roman approval. For example Theodoric married his one of his daughters to the heir of the Vandal throne and another to the Suevic king.In Gaul 406, 408, and 411, the Romans had fought among themselves and suffered heavy losses. support by the Huns in 425 they suffered further losses at the hands of the Vandals. In 439 Aetius was fighting the Goths in Gaul in and restoring order against local rebels named by Romans as Bagaudae at Aremorica. Geseric took advantage and took Carthage by surprise. Due to the manpower crisis the Empire could not afford to figh t on two fronts. To protect Carthage, Aetius had to make peace with the Gothic king Theodoric to free himself in order to fight the Vandals. Aetius had increasingly become heavily depended upon recruiting barbarian allies outside the Empire.. Attila made unsuccessful attempts to extract wealth from the west.Attilas campaigns can be metrical as successful through his tactics, his ability to lure the Romans into war on a pretext. He tended to act diplomatic by negotiating treaties then he would dishonour his own treaty and blame the Romans, Attila repeatedly used the issue fugitives as a case to wage war. Attilas success can be measured on his achievements through the raising of subsides with each treaty. Attila achieved what he had set out to do from the start and that was to get as much money from the Romans as possible. Attila never wanted to conquer Constantinople or Rome.He wanted to extract as much subsides as he could. The Eastern Empire collected taxes from Egypt to Asia Mino r and the Huns had no navy to uphold this lucrative adventure. It was easier for them to collect of the Romans. His successful campaigns were planned strategically. His campaigns can be measured by breaking up an important joint East-West enterprise to save Carthage. This is also the case in the west. He knew it was in a factional position and politically unstable. It was an opportunity Attila Seized upon. Attila campaigns were thought out in advance and sometimes long before the enemy realised. Attila could also be tactful evident to this was shown hen Attila humiliated Theodosius. 1 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443. in The American Journal of Philology, Vol. XCV11, No. 2 (1976), p.178 2 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 3 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire A new history of Rome and the barbarians (USA, 2006), p.301 4 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History ofthe twilight and fall of the Roman Empire Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3917-3922). . Kindle Edition. 5 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.301 6 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., p.177 7 . E. Gibbon, (2012-05-12). History of the moderate and fall of the Roman Empire Volume 3 (Kindle Locations 3998-4001). . Kindle Edition. 8 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443, p.178 9 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 10 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea. in Phoenix, Vol. XXV1, No. 1 (1972), p.25 11 . R. Blockley, Dexippus and Priscus and the Thucydidean account of the siege of Plataea, p.25 12 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 13 . B.Croke, The Context and Date of Priscus sherd 6. Classical Philology, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 297-308 14 . W. Bayless, The Treaty with the Huns of 443., pp. 176-179 15 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 16 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.302 17 . Medieval Sourcebook, Priscus at t he court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ base/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 18 . Medieval Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 19 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 20 . Medieval Sourcebook, Priscus at the court of Attila (http//www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/priscus1.asp) (30 Nov. 2012) 21 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568 (UK, 2007), p.250 22 . P. Heather, The fall of the Roman Empire, p.324 23 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.253 24 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, p.16 25 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 26 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.252 27 . G.Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West 376-568, p.254 28 . P. Heather. The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in The English Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 435 (Feb., 1995), p.11 29 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided 400-700 (UK, 2001), p12 30 . E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians The decline of the Western Empire (USA, 1982), p.16 31 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.12 32 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.62 33 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.243 34 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.247 35 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.245 36 . G. Halsall, Barbarians Migrations and the Roman West, p.254 37 . J. Moorhead, The Roman Empire divided, p.53